Stones-Cry-Out comments on this article by UCLA law professor, Eugene Volokh that is also linked by Instapundit. The article concerns the recent bill passed by the House of Representatives which would remove jurisdiction from Federal Courts regarding the Pledge of Allegiance: “No court created by Act of Congress shall have any jurisdiction, and the Supreme Court shall have no appellate jurisdiction, to hear or decide any question pertaining to the interpretation of, or the validity under the Constitution of, the Pledge of Allegiance . . . or its recitation.” About that action and Professor Volokh’s criticisms of it, Rick at Stones-Cry-Out writes the following:
And perhaps the House’s action yesterday was not wise as
suggested by Volokh. But, I wish I could talk to that
professor one more time, if not to just gloat a bit. Well
maybe that’s wrong.
It’s an interesting Constitutional question and I’d like
to learn more. I’m curious if the Congress ever used Article
III, section 2, clause 2 of the Constitution to check a Judicial
Branch that it felt was out of control? If so, I wonder what
circumstances lead to that action….
I’m no lawyer (yet), so I’m not in any place to argue whether
the House is right, or if Volokh is right. Regardless, I still
think it was a bold move by Congress. What say the Smart Guys?
One of Rick’s commentors answers that question via a history published by the Washington Times. Yes, Congress has used the Article to check the Judicial Branch.
This history is also discussed in the book, The Supremacists: The Tyranny Of Judges And How To Stop It by Phyllis Schlafly. I recently read this book and found it extremely informative and useful because it not only chronicles the rise of judicial activism, it also articulates a plan for combatting it. The book is clearly written for the lay person as opposed to the attorney. To me, this does not diminish the value of the book at all. In fact, it accomplishes one of what I believe should be a purpose of the blogosphere: the demystification of the legal system. It is my opinion that whereas lawyers should be preservers of representative government and individual liberty, we have instead become High Priests mystifying the “masses†with legalese and self-righteous pontifications in order to retain status and power (and the money that comes with same) As Ms. Schlafly (who is a lawyer) states in her book: “We must stop the judicial supremacists who have been systematically dismantling the architecture of our unique, three-branch constitutional republic and replacing it with an Imperial Judiciary. Since the legal community has a vested interest in the status quo, this task must be undertaken by grassroots Americans. (emphasis added) We must raise a mighty demand that Congress do its duty.â€
Ms. Schlafly suggests ten steps to combat the “Imperial Judiciaryâ€. One of the steps concerns the topic of this post, the legislation of exceptions to court jurisdiction. Professor Volohk does not dispute the position taken by Ms. Schlafly that Congress has the power to so limit jurisdiction. Rather, he debates the efficacy of doing so with respect to the “under God†phrase in the Pledge of allegiance. (I cannot discern whether he thinks “jurisdiction-stripping” is bad in all circumstances) It is his opinion that the law “might have the perverse effect of jeopardizing the “under God” rather than preserving it.†He reasons that state supreme courts may hold the phrase to be unconstitutional under the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and that other state supreme courts may follow suit by relying on the precedents set by the former because “courts throughout the country tend to try to interpret the U.S. Constitution consistently with the decisions of other courts.†Thus, his conclusion is that the states would accomplish the outlawing of the words “under God” in the Pledge. He also believes that the U.S. Supreme Court will uphold the phrase and that recourse to the Court is the safer bet. I’d like to discuss both of those points and ask Professor Volohk a few questions.
I am not a constitutional lawyer (although I am a lawyer) like Professor Volohk, so I don’t know upon what evidence he bases his opinion that the states would follow each other in outlawing the phrase. It does sound reasonable on its face. However, I believe that if the Texas Supreme Court ever had the audacity to hold the phrase “under God†to be unconstitutional based on the opinion of say, the Californian Supreme Court or the Massachusetts Supreme Court, the Texas Justices would be “ridden out on a rail†the next day.
The Texas Justices are directly elected. Many jurist and lawyers are critical of the election of judges because it injects “politics†into the judiciary. Years ago, 60 Minutes actually did an expose on Texas Judges suggesting that the system is corrupt because of campaign contributions by Plaintiff’s Personal Injury Lawyers and/or Insurance Companies (in a follow up) I, personally, prefer the system of electing judges at the state level, regardless of the risk of money “corrupting†the system. I like the fact that the citizenry can get rid of a judge who is arrogant or corrupt or a rabid ideologue. In fact, who is more dangerous, a “Good ole Boy†who likes money, and therefore can be reasoned with, or an ideologue like Ruth Bader Ginsberg who has the bench for life and upon whom the general citizenry has little influence? I digress and this is a debate for another day.
Let’s get back to Professor Volohk’s argument that removing the courts’ jurisdiction regarding the Pledge of Allegiance may jeopardize the phrase “under God†because of the actions of state supreme courts. Phyllis Schafly addresses this issue of state supreme court activism in the context of the Defense of Marriage Act. She supports Congressional legislation preventing Court action on both the Pledge of Allegiance and on the Defense of Marriage Act. Acknowledging the actions of the Massachusetts’s Supreme Court with regard to same-sex-marriage, Ms. Schlafly admits that the DOMA will not prevent state supreme courts from allowing the issuance of same-sex-marriage licenses, “but it would mean that the federal government would not have to recognize those licenses and that the federal courts could not be used to force other states to recognize them.†(Page 125) She goes on to assert, “Massachusetts may yet figure out a way to deal with its own judicial supremacists.†Since the The Supremacists went to press, it appears that Massachusetts is working on doing just that.
So, I would pose the following question to Professor Volohk on this point: If state supreme courts do jeopardize the phrase “under God†with activist rulings, why can’t state legislatures rein in those courts with constitutional amendments and/or limitations on the jurisdiction of those courts?
Finally, Professor Volohk performs a risk/benefit analysis on this instance of jurisdiction-stripping. It is his conclusion that it is safer to leave this particular decision in the hands the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing that “most commentators assume, based on the opinions and oral arguments in the earlier Pledge case, that if the Supreme Court faced the issue again (without the procedural problem that caused the Justices to dismiss the earlier case), they would uphold the words, rather than striking them down.†Again, I defer to Professor Volohk’s greater knowledge of these cases, the commentaries and of constitutional law in general.
However, I agree with Ms. Schlafly that it is imperative to directly confront and face down these Judicial Supremacists now. Federal Courts are more and more rapidly eroding our system of self-government by their decisions on the Pledge, marriage, taxation and other topics. Furthermore, I have more confidence than does Professor Volohk in the ability of the citizens of individual states to influence their own representative bodies and to stop the Judicial Supremacists on their own state courts. So, I would ask Professor Volohk: How would you battle Judicial Supremacy and on what issue would you begin the fight?
Limiting jurisdiction of Federal Courts is not unusual. I am a health care lawyer who represents long-term care providers such as nursing homes in actions that the State and Federal governments take against them. Although, actions by these governments can deprive my clients of property (money), their due process rights are abbreviated at the behest of Congress in return for allowing these providers to participate in the scheme. Therefore, they have very limited recourse to State or Federal courts in these disputes.
Because I believe that Judicial Supremacists are undermining our representative form of government, I have no problem with the concept of limiting jurisdiction of the courts–and I believe that doing so is constitutional. So, I say, why not start confronting them with “jurisdiction-stripping” of their ability to rule on the Pledge issue? Although I am not diminishing the importance of the words “under Godâ€, isn’t this a better issue to begin with than marriage? Why not make this issue the “point man†before deploying the rest of the troops in the battle against the increasingly “Imperial” Judiciary?